Important mile stones in Science and Technology

1250 Magnifying glass Roger Bacon English
1450 Printing press Johann Gutenberg German
1504 Pocket watch Peter Henlein German
1590 Compound microscope Zacharias Janssen Dutch
1593 Water thermometer Galileo Italian
1608 Telescope Hans Lippershey Dutch
1625 Blood transfusion Jean-Baptiste Denys French
1629 Steam turbine Giovanni Branca Italian
1642 Adding machine Blaise Pascal French
1643 Barometer Evangelista Torricelli Italian
1650 Air pump Otto von Guericke German
1656 Pendulum clock Christiaan Huygens Dutch
1661 Methanol Robert Boyle Irish
1668 Reflecting telescope Isaac Newton English
1671 Calculating machine Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz German
1698 Steam pump Thomas Savery English
1701 Seed drill Jethro Tull English
1710 Piano Bartolomeo Cristofori Italian
1712 Steam engine Thomas Newcomen British
1714 Mercury thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit German
1717 Diving bell Edmund Halley English
1725 Stereotyping William Ged Scottish
1745 Leyden jar (condenser) E.G. Von Kleist German
1752 Lightning rod Benjamin Franklin American
1758 Achromatic lens John Dollond British
1759 Marine chronometer John Harrison British
1764 Spinning jenny James Hargreaves British
1769 Spinning frame R. Arkwright English
1769 Steam engine (with separate condenser) James Watt British
1769 Automobile Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot French
1775 Submarine David Bushnell American
1780 Steel pen Samuel Harrison English
1780 Bifocal lens Benjamin Franklin American
1783 Balloon   Joseph Michel Montgolfier and
Jacques �tienne Montgolfier French
1784 Threshing machine Andrew Meikle British
1785 Power loom Edmund Cartwright British
1786 Steamboat John Fitch American
1788 Flyball governor James Watt British  
1791 Gas turbine John Barber British
1792 Illuminating gas William Murdock Scottish
1793 Cotton gin Eli Whitney American
1795 Hydraulic press Joseph Bramah English
1796 Lithography Aloys Senefelder German
1796 Smallpox vaccination Edward Jenner British  
1799 Fourdrinier machine (papermaking) Louis Robert French
1800 Jacquard loom Joseph Marie Jacquard French
1800 Electric battery Count Alessandro Volta Italian
1801 Pattern loom Joseph Marie Jacquard French
1804 Screw propeller John Stevens American
1804 Solid-fuel rocket William Congreve British
1804 Steam locomotive Richard Trevithick British
1805 Electroplating  Luigi Gasparo Brugnatelli Italian
1810 Food preservation (by sterilization and exclusion of air)
Fran�ois Appert French
1810 Printing press Frederick Koenig German
1814 Railroad locomotive George Stephenson British
1815 Safety lamp Sir Humphry Davy British
1816 Bicycle (no pedals) Karl D. Sauerbronn German
1819 Stethoscope Ren�-Th�ophile-Hyacinthe La�nnec French
1820 Hygrometer J.F. Daniell English
1820 Galvanometer Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger German
1821 Electric motor Michael Faraday British
1823 Silicon J�ns Jakob Berzelius Swedish
1823 Electromagnet William Sturgeon British
1824 Portland cement Joseph Aspdin British
1827 Friction match John Walker British
1829 Typewriter1 W.A. Burt American
1829 Braille printing Louis Braille French
1830 Platform scales Thaddeus Fairbanks American
1830 Sewing machine Barth�lemy Thimonnier French
1831 Phosphorus match Charles Sauria French
1831 Reaper Cyrus Hall McCormick American
1831 Dynamo Michael Faraday British
1834 Electric streetcar Thomas Davenport American
1835 Pistol (revolver) Samuel Colt American
1837 Telegraph Samuel Finley Breese Morse
Sir Charles Wheatstone American
British
1838 Morse code Samuel Finley Breese Morse American
1839 Photography   Louis Jacques Mand� Daguerre and
Joseph Nic�phore Niepce William Henry Fox Talbot French
British
1839 Vulcanized rubber Charles Goodyear American
1839 Steam hammer James Nasmyth Scottish
1839 Bicycle (with pedals) Kirkpatrick MacMillan British
1845 Pneumatic tire Robert William Thompson American
1846 Rotary printing press Richard March Hoe American
1846 Nitroglycerin Ascanio Sobrero Italian
1846 Guncotton Christian Friedrich Sch�nbein German
1846 Ether Crawford Williamson Long American
1849 Reinforced concrete F.J. Monier French
1849 Safety pin Walter Hunt American
1849 Water turbine James Bicheno Francis American
1850 Mercerized cotton John Mercer British
1851 Breech-loading rifle Edward Maynard American
1851 Opthalmoscope Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz German
1852 Nonrigid airship Henri Giffard French
1852 Elevator (with brake) Elisha Graves Otis American
1852 Gyroscope Jean Bernard L�on Foucault French
1855 Hypodermic syringe Alexander Wood Scottish
1855 Safety matches J.E. Lundstrom Swedish
1856 Bessemer converter (steel) Sir Henry Bessemer British
1858 Harvester Charles and William Marsh American
1859 Spectroscope Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen German
1860 Gas engine  Jean-Joseph-�tienne Lenoir French
1861 Web-fed newspaper printing press Richard March Hoe American
1861 Electric furnace Wilhelm Siemens British
1861 Machine gun date  Richard Jordan Gatling American
1861 Kinematoscope Coleman Sellers American
1865 Antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister English
1866 Paper (from wood pulp, sulfite process) Benjamin Chew Tilghman
American
1866 Dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel Swedish
1868 Dry cell Georges Leclanch� French
1868 Typewriter   Carlos Glidden and
Christopher Latham Sholes American
1868 Air brake George Westinghouse American
1870 Celluloid John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt American
1871 Continuous current dynamo Z�nobe-Th�ophile Gramme Belgian
1874 Quadruplex telegraph Thomas Alva Edison American
1876 Telephone2 Alexander Graham Bell
Antonio Meucci American
Italian
1877 Internal-combustion engine (four-cycle) Nikolaus August Otto
German
1877 Talking machine (phonograph) Thomas Alva Edison American
1877 Microphone Emile Berliner American
1877 Electric welding Elihu Thomson American
1877 Refrigerator car G.F. Swift American
1878 Cream separator Carl Gustav de Laval Swedish
1878 Cathode ray tube Sir William Crookes British
1879 Cash register James J. Ritty American
1879 Incandescent filament lamp Thomas Alva Edison
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan American
British
1879 Automobile engine (two-cycle) Karl Benz German
1879 Arc lamp Charles Francis Bush American
1880 Linotype  Ottmar Mergenthaler American
1884 Steam turbine C.A. Parsons English
1884 Rayon (nitrocellulose) Comte Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet
French
1884 Multiple-wheel steam turbine Sir Charles Algernon Parsons
British
1884 Nipkow disk (mechanical television scanning device) Paul
Gottlieb Nipkow German
1884 Fountain pen Lewis Edson Waterman American
1885 Graphophone (dictating machine) Chichester A. Bell and
Charles Sumner Tainter American
1885 AC transformer William Stanley American
1887 Air-inflated rubber tire J.B. Dunlop Scottish
1887 Gramophone (disk records) Emile Berliner American
1887 Gas mantle Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach Austrian
1887 Mimeograph Albert Blake Dick American
1887 Monotype Tolbert Lanston American
1888 Adding machine (recording) William Seward Burroughs American
1888 Kodak camera George Eastman American
1889 Steam turbine C.G. de Laval Swedish
1890 Rayon (cuprammonium) Louis Henri Despeissis French
1891 Glider  Otto Lilienthal German
1891 Motion picture camera (kinetograph) Thomas Alva Edison
William K. L. Dickson American
British
1891 Motion picture viewer (kinetoscope) Thomas Alva Edison
William K. L. Dickson American
British
1891 Synthetic rubber Sir William Augustus Tilden British
1892 AC motor Nikola Tesla American
1892 Three-color camera Frederick Eugene Ives American
1892 Rayon (viscose)  Charles Frederick Cross British
1892 Vacuum bottle (Dewar flask) Sir James Dewar British
1893 Photoelectric cell Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel German
1893 Diesel engine Rudolf Diesel German
1893 Gasoline automobile Charles Edgar Duryea and
J. Frank Duryea American
1894 Motion picture projection Louis Jean Lumi�re and Auguste Marie
Lumi�re
Charles Francis Jenkins French

American
1895 X-ray Wilhelm Konrad R�ntgen German
1895 Rayon (acetate) Charles Frederick Cross British
1895 Wireless telegraph Marchese Guglielmo Marconi Italian
1896 Experimental airplane Samuel Pierpont Langley American
1898 Sensitized photographic paper Leo Hendrik Baekeland American
1900 Rigid dirigible airship Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin German
1902 Radiotelephone Valdemar Poulsen
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden Danish
American
1903 Airplane Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright American
1903 Windshield wipers Mary Anderson American
1903 Electrocardiograph Willem Einthoven Dutch
1905 Diode rectifier tube (radio) Sir John Ambrose Fleming British
1906 Gyrocompass Hermann Ansch�tz-K�mpfe German
1907 Bakelite Leo Hendrik Baekeland American
1907 Triode amplifier tube (radio) Lee De Forest American
1908 Cellophane Jacques Edwin Brandenberger Swiss
1908 Two-color motion picture camera C. Albert Smith British
1909 Salvarsan Paul Ehrlich German
1910 Hydrogenation of coal Friedrich Bergius German
1910 Gyroscopic compass and stabilizer Elmer Ambrose Sperry American
1911 Air conditioning W.H. Carrier American
1911 Vitamins   Casimir Funk Polish
1911 Cellophane Jacques Edwin Brandenberger Swiss
1911 Neon lamp Georges Claude French
1912 Mercury-vapor lamp Peter Cooper Hewitt American
1913 Ramjet engine Ren� Lorin French
1913 Multigrid electron tube Irving Langmuir American
1913 Cracked gasoline William Meriam Burton American
1913 Heterodyne radio receiver Reginald Aubrey Fessenden American
1915 Automobile self-starter Charles Franklin Kettering American  
1916 Browning gun (automatic rifle) John Moses Browning American
1916 Gas-filled incandescent lamp Irving Langmuir American
1916 X-ray tube   William David Coolidge American
1919 Mass spectrograph Sir Francis William Aston
Arthur Jeffrey Dempster British
American
1922-26 Sound motion pictures T.W. Case American
1922 Insulin Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canadian
1923 Autogiro Juan de la Cierva Spanish
1923 Television iconoscope Vladimir Kosma Zworykin American
1924 Quick-frozen food Clarence Birdseye American
1925 Television image dissector tube Philo Taylor Farnsworth American
1926 Aerosol can Erik Rotheim Norwegian
1926 Liquid-fuel rocket Robert Hutchings Goddard American
1928 Penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming British
1930 Bathysphere (Charles) William Beebe American
1930 Freon (low-boiling fluorine compounds) Thomas Midgley and
coworkers American
1930 Modern gas-turbine engine Sir Frank Whittle British
1930 Neoprene (synthetic rubber) Father Julius Arthur Nieuwland and
Wallace Hume Carothers American
1931 Cyclotron Ernest Orlando Lawrence American
1931 Differential analyzer (analogue computer) Vannevar Bush American
1932 Phase contrast microscope Frits Zernike Dutch
1932 Van de Graaff generator Robert Jemison Van de Graaff American
1933 Frequency modulation (FM) Edwin Howard Armstrong American
1935 Buna (synthetic rubber) German scientists German
1935 Radiolocator (radar) Sir Robert Watson-Watt British
1935 Cortisone   Edward Calvin Kendall
Tadeus Reichstein American
Swiss
1935 Electron microscope German scientists German
1935 Sulfanllamide Gerhard Domagk German
1935 Nylon Wallace Hume Carothers American
1936 Twin-rotor helicopter3 Heinrich Focke German
1937 Snowmobile Armand Bombardier Canadian
1938 Ballpoint pen Georg and Ladislao Biro Hungarian
1939 DDT Paul M�ller Swiss
1939 Helicopter4 Igor Sikorsky American
1940 Betatron Donald William Kerst American
1941 Turbojet aircraft engine Sir Frank Whittle British
1942 Guided missile Wernher von Braun German
1942 Nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi American
1942 Xerography Chester Carlson American
1944 V-2 (rocket-propelled bomb) German scientists German
1945 Atomic bomb U.S. government scientists American
1945 Streptomycin Selman A. Waksman American
1946 Electronic digital computer John Presper Eckert, Jr., and
John W. Mauchly